This book is primarily written for doctoral students in business. However, it is also suitable to be used by doctoral students from other disciplines such as social science, engineering, technology, management, mathematics, etc. Besides that, it is also suitable for faculty members, such as professors, lecturers, or tutors who teach research methodology courses. In addition, supervisors of doctoral students may also consider exploring contemporary methods for their students. Examiners of doctoral theses may extend their capabilities and knowledge on diverse ways to conduct research and make contributions. Finally, a recent trend of many business executives, i.e. a CEO who wants to take doctoral studies may consider adopting a contemporary action research that is more practical and useful to his or her work setting. Doctoral of Business Administration (DBA) programmes from various business schools can also include this methodological option in their syllabus to enrich their programmes as it can attract more CEO to take up the studies in their universities.